The objective was to determine the appropriate catchment area to cultivated area ratio (C: CA ratio) for wheat experimentally as influenced by the previous treatments at Girdarasha site during 2006 / 2007. Each treatment was replicated twice in a randomized completely block design. The objective of this experiment was to test the performance of six treatments mentioned in the previous item on runoff inducement during 20. D) Examining the effectiveness of different soil treatments in the field under actual rainfall events via establishing twelve runoff plots (5 m by 2 m ) with 6% average slope steepness on a clay loam soil at Girdarasha site in September, 2007. The response variables included runoff volume, soil loss, EC and pH of the collected runoff water. Each combination treatment was replicated thrice. The tests were carried out under simulated rainfall with two intensities (10 and 20 mm h-1) using three lands slopes (5, 10 and 15%). C) Testing the effect of various soil treatments, namely, control, compaction, paraffin, spoiled oil, crude oil and sodium chloride salt on runoff inducement after packing three soils with contrasting soil textures in perforated trays. B) Calculation of water requirement for some selected winter crops in Erbil using four different schemes, namely, Blaney-Criddle, modified Blenney Criddle, Kharufa and Penman monteith. The objective was to simulate all the physical characteristic of natural rainfall as accurately as possible by rainfall simulator during this study and in future. The study encompassed the following trials: A) Characterization of rainfall in Erbil. Comparison of the discriminant analysis and factor analysis helped to identify the most important water quality parameters, as water temperature, DO, EC, COD, CL, Ca, alkalinity, PO4P, and TP, that are most important for seasonal variation and play a significant role in establishment of water quality control strategy. A parameter that is most important in contributing to water quality variation for one season may not be important for another season. Application of FA revealed that the influence of water quality parameters changes from season to season. Factor analysis and box–whisker plots facilitated to investigate the seasonal variation of water quality and the pattern of pollution sources. The application of discriminant analysis confirmed the classification of the water quality measurements into three seasons: pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon affording 93.8% correct classification. The chemometric techniques were applied for evaluation of the seasonal variation of water qualities at 17 stations along a stretch of the Bagmati river of Nepal for 23 water quality parameters measured during 1999–2003.
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